MARKET STUDY All analysis covers resale homes only. New construction appears once, in its own section. Click any dot on the map for that sale.
Resale sales, 365 days
15
single-family resale homes
Median net sale price
$290,000
average $292,427
Median net price per SF
$159
average $157
Median days on market
82 days
average 86 days
1. SummaryResale homes · 15 sales · October 26, 2025 – October 25, 2026
This study looks at the 15 resale homes sold in Hunters Crossing in the 365 days to October 25, 2026. A full year is used because only 8 resale homes sold in the last 180 days. New construction is left out and shown on its own in section 7. The homes are compared four ways: by price, by living area, by year built and with or without a view. The first three are split into four equal groups (quartiles), each named by its range.
Each comparison has its own section (3–6) with everything about it in one place: the key differences, a table of every measure at a glance, the charts and the numbers.
2. Where the resale homes sold15 resale homes · colored by price range
Each dot is one resale home, colored by its price range. Use the buttons to show one price range at a time. Click a dot for that sale: address, close date, original and last list price, net sale price, living area, net sale per SF and days on market. Scroll or pinch to zoom.
3. Quartiles by net sale priceResale homes · 15 sales · October 26, 2025 – October 25, 2026
Sales ranked by net sale price and cut into four equal groups. This is the usual way to read a market by price.
Bottom line: too few sales to test.
3.1 Key differences
The top group against the bottom group: no measure differs enough to rule out chance.
How to read this section. Each heading gives the finding. The gold box says whether the gap is real (✓, with its size) or could be chance (–). The section ends with its numbers; the tests are in section 8.3.
3.3 Net price per SF: described, not tested
The average is $143 per SF for homes over $310K and $180 per SF for homes under $267K. It does not move in a straight line; homes under $267K are highest. Defined in 8.1.2.
Not tested: too few sales.
3.4 Living area: described, not tested
The average is 2,356 SF for homes over $310K and 1,429 SF for homes under $267K. It rises step by step from the lowest range to the highest. Defined in 8.1.3.
Not tested: too few sales.
3.5 Year built: described, not tested
The median is 2005 for homes over $310K and 2009 for homes under $267K. It does not move in a straight line; homes $294K–$310K are highest. Defined in 8.1.4.
Not tested: too few sales.
3.6 Days on market: described, not tested
The median is 74 days for homes over $310K and 56 days for homes under $267K. It does not move in a straight line; homes $294K–$310K are highest. Defined in 8.1.5.
Not tested: too few sales.
3.7 Discount from original list: described, not tested
The average is 3.0% for homes over $310K and 8.5% for homes under $267K. It does not move in a straight line; homes $294K–$310K are highest. Defined in 8.1.6.
Not tested: too few sales.
3.8 How often: price cut before sale, seller paid closing costs or repairs, has a view
Each bar is the share of homes in the group, in percent.
50% of homes over $310K had a price cut before sale, against 75% of homes under $267K. Defined in 8.1.7.
75% of homes over $310K had the seller pay closing costs or repairs, against 100% of homes under $267K. Defined in 8.1.8.
25% of homes over $310K have a view, against 0% of homes under $267K. Defined in 8.1.9.
Price cut before sale: Not tested: too few sales.
Seller paid closing costs or repairs: Not tested: too few sales.
Has a view: Not tested: too few sales.
3.9 The numbers: price and size
Under $267K4 sales
$267K–$290K4 sales
$294K–$310K3 sales
Over $310K4 sales
All15 sales
Net sale price average
$256,732
$278,640
$301,667
$334,979
$292,427
Net price per SF average
$180
$157
$143
$143
$157
Living area average
1,429
1,838
2,116
2,356
1,923
Year built median
2009
2004
2010
2005
2005
3.10 The numbers: selling
Under $267K4 sales
$267K–$290K4 sales
$294K–$310K3 sales
Over $310K4 sales
All15 sales
Days on market median
56
68
171
74
82
Discount from original list average
8.5%
8.1%
11.3%
3.0%
7.5%
Price cut before sale
75%
50%
67%
50%
60%
Seller paid closing costs or repairs
100%
75%
67%
75%
80%
Has a view
0%
0%
33%
25%
13%
Prices, price per SF, living area and discount are averages; days on market and year built are medians. The test behind each verdict is in 8.3.1.
4. Quartiles by living areaResale homes · 15 sales · October 26, 2025 – October 25, 2026
Sales ranked by living area and cut into four equal groups, from the smallest homes to the largest.
Bottom line: too few sales to test.
4.1 Key differences
The top group against the bottom group: no measure differs enough to rule out chance.
4.3 Net sale price: described, not tested
The average is $323K for homes over 2,256 SF and $259K for homes under 1,498 SF. It rises step by step from the lowest range to the highest. Defined in 8.1.1.
Not tested: too few sales.
4.4 Net price per SF: described, not tested
The average is $130 per SF for homes over 2,256 SF and $182 per SF for homes under 1,498 SF. It falls step by step from the lowest range to the highest. Defined in 8.1.2.
Not tested: too few sales.
4.5 Year built: described, not tested
The median is 2004 for homes over 2,256 SF and 2009 for homes under 1,498 SF. It does not move in a straight line; homes 1,986–2,256 SF are highest. Defined in 8.1.4.
Not tested: too few sales.
4.6 Days on market: described, not tested
The median is 110 days for homes over 2,256 SF and 56 days for homes under 1,498 SF. It does not move in a straight line; homes over 2,256 SF are highest. Defined in 8.1.5.
Not tested: too few sales.
4.7 Discount from original list: described, not tested
The average is 5.9% for homes over 2,256 SF and 7.6% for homes under 1,498 SF. It does not move in a straight line; homes 1,498–1,885 SF are highest. Defined in 8.1.6.
Not tested: too few sales.
4.8 How often: price cut before sale, seller paid closing costs or repairs, has a view
Each bar is the share of homes in the group, in percent.
75% of homes over 2,256 SF had a price cut before sale, against 75% of homes under 1,498 SF. Defined in 8.1.7.
50% of homes over 2,256 SF had the seller pay closing costs or repairs, against 100% of homes under 1,498 SF. Defined in 8.1.8.
25% of homes over 2,256 SF have a view, against 0% of homes under 1,498 SF. Defined in 8.1.9.
Price cut before sale: Not tested: too few sales.
Seller paid closing costs or repairs: Not tested: too few sales.
Has a view: Not tested: too few sales.
4.9 The numbers: price and size
Under 1,498 SF4 sales
1,498–1,885 SF4 sales
1,986–2,256 SF3 sales
Over 2,256 SF4 sales
All15 sales
Net sale price average
$258,545
$280,875
$311,863
$323,283
$292,427
Net price per SF average
$182
$167
$146
$130
$157
Living area average
1,424
1,689
2,146
2,487
1,923
Year built median
2009
2008
2013
2004
2005
4.10 The numbers: selling
Under 1,498 SF4 sales
1,498–1,885 SF4 sales
1,986–2,256 SF3 sales
Over 2,256 SF4 sales
All15 sales
Days on market median
56
96
9
110
82
Discount from original list average
7.6%
10.5%
5.5%
5.9%
7.5%
Price cut before sale
75%
50%
33%
75%
60%
Seller paid closing costs or repairs
100%
75%
100%
50%
80%
Has a view
0%
25%
0%
25%
13%
Prices, price per SF, living area and discount are averages; days on market and year built are medians. The test behind each verdict is in 8.3.2.
5. Groups by year builtResale homes · 15 sales · October 26, 2025 – October 25, 2026
Sales ranked by year built and cut into four groups, from the oldest to the newest. Homes built in the same year always stay in the same group, so group sizes can differ a little. Only 3 groups are shown: homes here share a few year built values, and no group may hold fewer than 3 sales.
Bottom line: too few sales to test.
5.1 Key differences
The top group against the bottom group: no measure differs enough to rule out chance.
5.3 Net sale price: described, not tested
The average is $283K for homes built after 2010 and $291K for homes built before 2005. It does not move in a straight line; homes built 2005–2010 are highest. Defined in 8.1.1.
Not tested: too few sales.
5.4 Net price per SF: described, not tested
The average is $168 per SF for homes built after 2010 and $149 per SF for homes built before 2005. It rises step by step from the lowest range to the highest. Defined in 8.1.2.
Not tested: too few sales.
5.5 Living area: described, not tested
The average is 1,718 SF for homes built after 2010 and 2,069 SF for homes built before 2005. It falls step by step from the lowest range to the highest. Defined in 8.1.3.
Not tested: too few sales.
5.6 Days on market: described, not tested
The median is 82 days for homes built after 2010 and 54 days for homes built before 2005. It does not move in a straight line; homes built 2005–2010 are highest. Defined in 8.1.5.
Not tested: too few sales.
5.7 Discount from original list: described, not tested
The average is 8.2% for homes built after 2010 and 7.8% for homes built before 2005. It does not move in a straight line; homes built after 2010 are highest. Defined in 8.1.6.
Not tested: too few sales.
5.8 How often: price cut before sale, seller paid closing costs or repairs, has a view
Each bar is the share of homes in the group, in percent.
60% of homes built after 2010 had a price cut before sale, against 50% of homes built before 2005. Defined in 8.1.7.
80% of homes built after 2010 had the seller pay closing costs or repairs, against 100% of homes built before 2005. Defined in 8.1.8.
0% of homes built after 2010 have a view, against 0% of homes built before 2005. Defined in 8.1.9.
Price cut before sale: Not tested: too few sales.
Seller paid closing costs or repairs: Not tested: too few sales.
Has a view: Not tested: too few sales.
5.9 The numbers: price and size
Before 20054 sales
2005–20106 sales
After 20105 sales
All15 sales
Net sale price average
$291,346
$301,072
$282,918
$292,427
Net price per SF average
$149
$153
$168
$157
Living area average
2,069
1,995
1,718
1,923
Year built median
2004
2005
2014
2005
5.10 The numbers: selling
Before 20054 sales
2005–20106 sales
After 20105 sales
All15 sales
Days on market median
54
96
82
82
Discount from original list average
7.8%
6.7%
8.2%
7.5%
Price cut before sale
50%
67%
60%
60%
Seller paid closing costs or repairs
100%
67%
80%
80%
Has a view
0%
33%
0%
13%
Prices, price per SF, living area and discount are averages; days on market and year built are medians. The test behind each verdict is in 8.3.3.
6. View and no viewResale homes · 15 sales · October 26, 2025 – October 25, 2026
Sales where the MLS lists a view (greenbelt or park, trees, golf course, hill country, water and similar) against those listing none or only the neighborhood.
Bottom line: too few sales to test.
6.1 Key differences
The top group against the bottom group: no measure differs enough to rule out chance.
6.3 Net sale price: described, not tested
The average is $319K for homes with a view and $288K for homes without a view. Defined in 8.1.1.
Not tested: too few sales.
6.4 Net price per SF: described, not tested
The average is $150 per SF for homes with a view and $158 per SF for homes without a view. Defined in 8.1.2.
Not tested: too few sales.
6.5 Living area: described, not tested
The average is 2,132 SF for homes with a view and 1,890 SF for homes without a view. Defined in 8.1.3.
Not tested: too few sales.
6.6 Year built: described, not tested
The median is 2008 for homes with a view and 2005 for homes without a view. Defined in 8.1.4.
Not tested: too few sales.
6.7 Days on market: described, not tested
The median is 192 days for homes with a view and 56 days for homes without a view. Defined in 8.1.5.
Not tested: too few sales.
6.8 Discount from original list: described, not tested
The average is 8.3% for homes with a view and 7.4% for homes without a view. Defined in 8.1.6.
Not tested: too few sales.
6.9 How often: price cut before sale, seller paid closing costs or repairs
Each bar is the share of homes in the group, in percent.
100% of homes with a view had a price cut before sale, against 54% of homes without a view. Defined in 8.1.7.
50% of homes with a view had the seller pay closing costs or repairs, against 85% of homes without a view. Defined in 8.1.8.
Price cut before sale: Not tested: too few sales.
Seller paid closing costs or repairs: Not tested: too few sales.
6.10 The numbers: price and size
View2 sales
No view13 sales
All15 sales
Net sale price average
$319,000
$288,339
$292,427
Net price per SF average
$150
$158
$157
Living area average
2,132
1,890
1,923
Year built median
2008
2005
2005
6.11 The numbers: selling
View2 sales
No view13 sales
All15 sales
Days on market median
192
56
82
Discount from original list average
8.3%
7.4%
7.5%
Price cut before sale
100%
54%
60%
Seller paid closing costs or repairs
50%
85%
80%
Prices, price per SF, living area and discount are averages; days on market and year built are medians. The test behind each verdict is in 8.3.4.
7. New constructionBasic statistics · 0 sales · October 26, 2025 – October 25, 2026
Homes sold new by the builder in the same 365 days. They are left out of every other section and shown here as basic figures only: 0 sales, no groups, no tests.
Note: these are only the new-construction sales reported in ABOR MLS. Builders often sell homes without listing them in the MLS, so these figures do not necessarily represent all new-construction sales in Hunters Crossing.
No new-construction sales were reported in ABOR MLS in this window.
Same definitions as the rest of the study (section 8). New construction = NewConstructionYN true, or PropertyCondition “New Construction” or “Under Construction”.
8. AppendixMeasures, methods and tests
Each measure and method three ways: in plain words, as statistics, and with the data from this study.
8.1 Measures
8.1.1 Net sale price
In simple terms
What the seller actually kept: the closing price, less money the seller gave back to the buyer for closing costs or repairs. It is the truest price for comparing homes.
Statistically
Net = ClosePrice − ACTRIS_BuyersClsgCostPdbySell − ACTRIS_RepairsAmount (a blank counts as $0). Summarized by the arithmetic mean in the slices.
The data
15 resale sales. Average $292,427; median $290,000; standard deviation $33,021; middle half (25th–75th percentile) $263,375–$312,795; lowest $248,000, highest $361,325. 12 sales had a seller payment; their median payment was $8,421.
8.1.2 Net price per SF
In simple terms
Net sale price divided by the heated and cooled square feet. It puts homes of different sizes on the same footing: did buyers pay more for each square foot, not just for more square feet?
Statistically
psf = Net ÷ LivingArea, per sale; summarized by the mean of the per-sale ratios.
The data
15 resale sales. Average $157; median $159; standard deviation $23; middle half (25th–75th percentile) $139–$173; lowest $111, highest $191.
8.1.3 Living area
In simple terms
The heated and cooled space, as listed in the MLS. Garages and porches are not counted.
Statistically
RESO LivingArea, in square feet. Sales under 400 SF are treated as entry errors and left out.
The data
15 resale sales. Average 1,923; median 1,885; standard deviation 457; middle half (25th–75th percentile) 1,497–2,262; lowest 1,361, highest 2,802.
8.1.4 Year built
In simple terms
The year the home was finished, as listed in the MLS. It shows whether a group leans to older or newer phases of the community.
Statistically
RESO YearBuilt; summarized by the median, with the 25th–75th percentile (middle half) on the charts.
The data
15 resale sales. Average 2008; median 2005; standard deviation 5; middle half (25th–75th percentile) 2004–2013; lowest 2004, highest 2016.
8.1.5 Days on market
In simple terms
How many days the home was on the market before the buyer's offer was accepted, counting any earlier listing periods (relists). This is the days on market agents and clients quote.
Statistically
CDOM = max(CumulativeDaysOnMarket, DaysOnMarket, PurchaseContractDate − ListingContractDate). The MLS counter can freeze at a price change, so the contract-date gap is a floor. Summarized by the median, because a few homes that sat for months pull an average up.
The data
15 resale sales. Average 86; median 82; standard deviation 64; middle half (25th–75th percentile) 54–124; lowest 1, highest 212. 0 sales went under contract on their listing date (0 days).
8.1.6 Discount from original list
In simple terms
How far below the first asking price the home sold, after seller payments. It measures how much negotiating room sellers gave up. A negative figure means the home sold above its first asking price.
Statistically
Discount % = (OriginalListPrice − Net) ÷ OriginalListPrice × 100, per sale; summarized by the mean.
The data
15 resale sales. Average 7.5%; median 7.3%; standard deviation 4.0%; middle half (25th–75th percentile) 6.1%–9.6%; lowest −0.2%, highest 14.7%. 1 sales closed above their first asking price.
8.1.7 Price cut before sale
In simple terms
The asking price was lowered at least once before the home went under contract.
Statistically
Indicator: ListPrice at close < OriginalListPrice. Reported as the share of sales (%).
The data
9 of 15 resale sales (60.0%).
8.1.8 Seller paid closing costs or repairs
In simple terms
The seller paid some of the buyer's closing costs or repairs.
Statistically
Indicator: ACTRIS_BuyersClsgCostPdbySell + ACTRIS_RepairsAmount > 0. Reported as the share of sales (%).
The data
12 of 15 resale sales (80.0%).
8.1.9 Has a view
In simple terms
The MLS says the home looks over something: a greenbelt or park, trees, golf course, hill country, water and similar.
Statistically
View = the View field holds any entry other than “None”, “Neighborhood” or “See Remarks”. No view = only “None” and/or “Neighborhood”. A record whose only entry is “See Remarks” cannot be classified and is left out of the view slice.
The data
2 sales with a view, 13 without, 0 unclassified. Most common View entries: Neighborhood 8, None 6, City Lights 1, Pasture 1.
8.2 Methods
8.2.1 Data source
In simple terms
Every figure comes from the Austin Board of REALTORS® MLS, read live by ALEX. No figure is estimated or typed in.
Statistically
Bridge Interactive RESO Web API (OData), ABOR dataset, every field returned. Filter: StandardStatus = Closed, PropertyType = Residential, City = Bastrop, SubdivisionName contains any of “hunters crossing” (case-insensitive). A record is kept when its subdivision name belongs to the Hunters Crossing family, the same rule comparable sales use.
The data
Pulled October 26, 2026: 15 closed Hunters Crossing records over the prior year, in ZIP 78602. 6 subdivision spellings kept: Hunters Crossing (9); Hunters Crossing Sec Three (2); Hunters Crossing Sec Seve (1); Hunters Crossing Sec Four A (1); Hunters Crossing Sec Seven B (1); HUNTERS CROSSING SECTION (1). No other names were found by the search.
8.2.2 Study window
In simple terms
The most recent 365 days of closed sales: recent enough to describe today's market, long enough to give each group plenty of sales. The usual window is 180 days; it holds only 8 resale sales here (under 80), so the full year is used.
Statistically
CloseDate from October 26, 2025 to October 25, 2026 inclusive.
The data
15 single-family sales in the window: 15 resale, 0 new construction.
8.2.3 Resale and new construction
In simple terms
A resale home was previously owned. New construction is sold by the builder and behaves differently, so it is kept out of every analysis and reported once on its own.
Statistically
New construction = NewConstructionYN true, or PropertyCondition contains “New Construction” or “Under Construction”. Everything else is resale.
The data
15 resale; 0 new construction.
8.2.4 Sales left out
In simple terms
A few records cannot be used as entered and are left out before any analysis.
Statistically
Excluded: PropertySubType other than Single Family Residence; no OriginalListPrice; LivingArea under 400 SF; seller payments above 10% of ClosePrice (treated as entry errors).
The data
None in this window.
8.2.5 Quartiles and groups
In simple terms
Sales lined up from lowest to highest and cut into four groups of about equal size. Each group is named by its range, for example “Under $267K”.
Statistically
Sort by the slicing variable; cut k sits at round(nk/4), k = 1…3. A cut that would split tied values moves to the nearer edge of the tie. A group under 3 sales merges into its smaller neighbor. Range names use the next group's lowest value (“Under”) and the previous group's highest value (“Over”/“After”).
The data
Quartiles by net sale price: Under $267K: $248,000–$260,000 (4 sales); $267K–$290K: $266,750–$290,000 (4 sales); $294K–$310K: $294,000–$310,000 (3 sales); Over $310K: $315,590–$361,325 (4 sales) Quartiles by living area: Under 1,498 SF: 1,361–1,496 SF (4 sales); 1,498–1,885 SF: 1,498–1,885 SF (4 sales); 1,986–2,256 SF: 1,986–2,256 SF (3 sales); Over 2,256 SF: 2,268–2,802 SF (4 sales) Groups by year built: Before 2005: 2004–2004 (4 sales); 2005–2010: 2005–2010 (6 sales); After 2010: 2013–2016 (5 sales) View and no view: View: MLS lists a view (2 sales); No view: None or Neighborhood (13 sales)
8.2.6 Average and median
In simple terms
The average adds the values and divides by how many; one very expensive home can pull it up. The median is the middle value, with half above and half below.
Statistically
Mean x̄ = (1/n) Σ xᵢ; median = 50th percentile. Price, price per SF, living area and discount use the mean; days on market and year built use the median (skewed or whole-year values).
The data
Net sale price: average $292,427, median $290,000. Days on market: average 86, median 82: the average is pulled up by a few long listings.
8.2.7 Kruskal–Wallis test
In simple terms
Checks whether a measure really differs across the four groups of a slice. It uses each sale's rank, not its value, so a few extreme sales cannot drive the answer.
Statistically
H = [12/(n(n+1))] Σ Rⱼ²/nⱼ − 3(n+1), compared with χ² on k − 1 degrees of freedom (Kruskal & Wallis, 1952). Effect size ε² = H/(n − 1): ≥ .01 small, ≥ .06 medium, ≥ .14 large (Tomczak & Tomczak, 2014). A slice is tested only when every group has at least 5 sales; smaller groups are described, not tested.
The data
Run on every measure in sections 3–5; each result is in 8.3.
8.2.8 Mann–Whitney U test
In simple terms
The same check when there are only two groups: view against no view.
Statistically
Two-sided U test (Mann & Whitney, 1947). Effect size = rank-biserial correlation |1 − 2U/(n₁n₂)|: ≥ .10 small, ≥ .30 medium, ≥ .50 large (Kerby, 2014; Cohen, 1988).
The data
Run on every measure in section 6; results in 8.3.
8.2.9 Chi-square test
In simple terms
Checks whether a yes/no share (price cut, seller payment, view) differs between groups more than chance would.
Statistically
Pearson χ² on the 2 × k table of counts, no continuity correction (Pearson, 1900). Effect size Cramér's V = √(χ²/n): ≥ .10 small, ≥ .30 medium, ≥ .50 large (Cramér, 1946).
The data
Run on the three shares in every slice; results in 8.3.
8.2.10 Real difference (significance)
In simple terms
“Real difference” means a gap this large would be very unlikely if the groups were really alike. Because many measures are checked in each slice, the bar is set higher than usual.
Statistically
Significant when p < 0.05 ÷ m, where m is the number of measures tested in that slice (Bonferroni; Dunn, 1961). The slicing variable itself differs by design and is not tested.
The data
8.2.11 Size of a difference
In simple terms
A difference can be real but small. The size word (small, medium, large) says how much the groups pull apart.
Statistically
ε² for Kruskal–Wallis, rank-biserial r for Mann–Whitney, Cramér's V for chi-square, with the thresholds above; below the small threshold the size is “negligible”.
The data
0 real differences across the four slices; sizes are listed in 8.3.
8.2.12 Rounding in the text
In simple terms
Headings and sentences round figures so they read easily; the tables at the end of each section give them in full.
Statistically
Prices in headings round to the nearest $1K; price per SF and days on market to the nearest whole number; living area to the nearest 10 SF; shares and percentage gaps to whole percents.
The data
Days on market is always shown in days.
8.3 Test results
Every test behind every gold box. Statistic, degrees of freedom (df), p-value, the threshold it must beat, and the size of the difference.
8.3.1 Quartiles by net sale price
Too few sales in a group to test.
8.3.2 Quartiles by living area
Too few sales in a group to test.
8.3.3 Groups by year built
Too few sales in a group to test.
8.3.4 View and no view
Too few sales in a group to test.
8.4 Data notes
Left out of the analysis: 0 new-construction sales (basic statistics only, section 7); nothing else. Statistics: Python, NumPy 2.5.3, SciPy 1.18.1.
8.5 References
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). Erlbaum.
Cramér, H. (1946). Mathematical Methods of Statistics. Princeton University Press.
Dunn, O. J. (1961). Multiple comparisons among means. JASA, 56(293), 52–64.
Kerby, D. S. (2014). The simple difference formula: an approach to teaching nonparametric correlation. Comprehensive Psychology, 3, 11.IT.3.1.
Kruskal, W. H., & Wallis, W. A. (1952). Use of ranks in one-criterion variance analysis. JASA, 47(260), 583–621.
Mann, H. B., & Whitney, D. R. (1947). On a test of whether one of two random variables is stochastically larger than the other. Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 18(1), 50–60.
Pearson, K. (1900). On the criterion that a given system of deviations… Philosophical Magazine, 50(302), 157–175.
Tomczak, M., & Tomczak, E. (2014). The need to report effect size estimates revisited. Trends in Sport Sciences, 21(1), 19–25.